Behavior. Stimulus. Response.

BEHAVIOR is the way an ORGANISM reacts to a STIMULUS.

YOU BEHAVE IN RESPONSE TO A DIFFERENT KIND OF STIMULI. 

STIMULUS - SINGULAR.

STIMULI - PLURAL.

'

STIMULUS - any kind of information / signal  external / internal that can be detected by organism.

RESPONSE - REACTION TO A STIMULUS.

HABITUATION - ignoring neither positive nor negative stimuli. 

If the animal wasn't rewarded or punished for something it did, it just stops producing any type of behavior and spends its energy on something more efficient.

LEARNING - CHANGING THE BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF EXPERIENCE, 

1) what produces behavior in animals? stimulus

2) what is innate behavior? instinct / inborn (WEB BUILDING BY SPIDER)

3) What are the major types of learning? habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, insight learning. 

WHAT PROTECTS YPUR BODY AGAINST FREE RADICALS

1) catalase converts very harmful Hydrogen peroxide into O2 and H20


2) glutathion peroxidase inactivates hydroxyl ions and lipid peroxides into H2O


3) superoxide dismutase catalyses Superoxide into Hydrogen Peroxide



4) Antioxidants Vitamins A, E, C

CELLULAR INJURIES

---------HYPOXIA ----------
1) the most common type of injury.
2) occurs due to lack of O2
3) MAJOR REASONS: ischemia, cardiac failure, pulmonary failure, low O2 in the blood
4) ischemia - the most common reason of hypoxia.
    it occurs due to DECREASED arterial/venous outflow


------------INFECTION ---------------
1) viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi
2) can -----directly injure the body
           ------produce toxins
         



------------CHEMICALS --------------
- drugs
- pollution
- poisons
- occupational exposure
- social lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, intravenous drugs)


----------IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS -------------
- allergies
- autoimmune reactions


------------physical injury --------------
- trauma
- pressure changes
- radiation
 - burn
- frostbite

---------------- CONGENITIAL DISORDERS -----------------

- inherited genetic mutations

-----------------------NUTRITIONAL / VITAMIN IMBALANCE ---------------------------
- excessive calorie intake
- inadequate calorie intake
- vitamin deficiency

optical / light microscope

Optical microscope was invented in 17th century - the oldest microscope. can be often referred to as light microscope. It makes tiny details visible. 

Optical Microscope Parts Named

How to use light or optical microscope

Biology. How Scientists work.

#maggots

#redi's experiment 1668  #spontaneous generation - "life arises from nonliving matters"

1111111111111 

HYPOTHESIS

Reid's Hypothesis: Redi's wanted to know how come maggots appear  on meat after flies were around? easy :   they just laid such tiny eggs so people are not able to see them.

                                                                         22222222222

                                                                              TEST

                                                Now we need to test this hypothesis BY AN EXPERIMENT:

             WE CAN ONLY CHANGE ONE THING (VARIABLE) DURING AN EXPERIMENT.

VARIABLE - THING THAT WE CAN CHANGE DURING AN EXPERIMENT. 

CONTROLED EXPERIMENT - in this experiment we can only change one thing (variable) at a time.

MANIPULATED VARIABLE - thing that is changed on purpose.

(covers)

RESPONDING VARIABLE - thing that changes as a result of changes in the manipulated variable.

(maggots appear, maggots doesn't not appear)

CONTROLED VARIABLE - NEVER CHANGES 

(meat, jars, location, T, time)

the idea of Spontaneous generation was refuted as a result of Redi's experiment. 

ALL LIVING THINGS COME FROM

 OTHER LIVING THINGS

if a hypothesis becomes very well supported , we can now consider a theory.

theory is very well tested explanation.